Dear Student Teachers
I’d like to have a chat with you. It’s
about reading. Yes, I know you’re probably being told to think about literacy,
and even about multiple literacies, but let’s get down to tin-tacks about the
business of lifting meaning off a page of printed text, because all children
need to be able to do that. It’s non-negotiable. Specifically, we need to talk
about an unpalatable fact that you may not yet be aware of - the fact that too
many children exit primary school with reading, writing, and spelling skills
that are years below the level they will need to make the transition to
secondary school and succeed academically and vocationally. I don’t know if you
have spoken with any secondary teachers recently and asked them how satisfied
they are with the reading, writing, and spelling skills of the Year 7 students
they are enrolling? I have, and they are not happy.
We’ve known for at least a couple of
decades now that certain factors and approaches promote the successful transition to
literacy in the early years of school. For reasons that are puzzling to the
rest of us, though, a large number of education academics don’t seem willing,
able and/or interested in engaging with this evidence. The problem is that this
impacts on what you, as student teachers are taught about reading in your
pre-service education. You might be interested to know that many teachers, even
recent graduates, bemoan the fact that they learnt precious little (if anything
at all) about teaching reading, and much of what they did learn was inaccurate,
out-dated (even at the time), and unhelpful to the most vulnerable students
they meet in their classrooms.
So, it’s increasingly untenable for the
rest of us to ignore this and look the other way.
Your lecturers are right to point out that one
of the factors that influences reading success is children’s early oral
language exposure. As a speech pathologist, I am right on board with the
importance for reading of early expressive and receptive vocabulary, syntactic
complexity and narrative production and comprehension. We know that children
from more advantaged family backgrounds generally arrive at school better
equipped to make the transition to literacy, and of course that makes teachers’
jobs easier. The more advanced the starting point for any learner, the easier
it is for a teacher or instructor, on just about any skill. This applies to
learning a musical instrument, acquiring a second language, and learning how to
drive a car – something you may have done recently. Prior knowledge and skill
can provide a great head-start.
But this does not mean that biology is
destiny or that what you do in the classroom is irrelevant. On the
contrary, it means that that what you do as the classroom teacher is critically
important if the trajectories of children’s lives are to be changed. Education
is meant to level the opportunity playing field, but children can’t be
successful academically without strong reading, writing, and spelling skills.
Did you know that learning to read is not
“biologically natural”? It’s actually a recent innovation in terms of human
civilisation (only about 6,000 years old) and humans must adapt language and
visual systems in the brain to accommodate this culturally, socially,
academically, and economically important contrivance. We don’t fully understand
why (a combination of genes and environment no doubt) some children seem to
quite seamlessly make the transition to literacy, almost irrespective of the
type of reading instruction they receive. A large proportion do not, however,
and they need explicit instruction by highly knowledgeable teachers,
right from the outset. If you start from behind, your progress has to be accelerated
in the early years of school, so you can catch up with your more advantaged
peers and keep up with the curriculum. But you don’t catch up unless you are
being specifically taught the knowledge and skills that more able learners
already have when they come to school.
This might sound like a strange
proposition, but when you graduate, you will really be at the front line of our
public health workforce. The literacy (and numeracy) skills that
students exit primary school with play a large part in determining their health
and wellbeing across the life-span. If you don’t have strong literacy skills,
you will probably exit school early, and be unable to engage in further
vocational training or higher education. This is an issue because in nations
such as Australia, jobs for unskilled workers are rapidly disappearing. In a
technology-based economy, students need to be able to stay at school and
complete Year 12, so that their life chances (social, economic, mental health) are
strong. Youth detention centres and adult prisons are full of people with low
literacy skills, because of a “school-to-prison pipeline” phenomenon that sees
an over representation of young people from complex, disadvantaged backgrounds
exiting school early and unequipped for life. It does not need to be this way. If
you don’t believe me about our economy becoming more technology-based, think
about the self-checkout points at your local supermarket. What jobs do they
take away? What jobs do they create?
You probably won’t hear terms like “Whole
Language” in your pre-service training, but this is almost certainly a
pervasive influence on what you are being told about how children learn to
read, and what you should be doing in the classroom to support this. In fact, you’ll
probably be told that the best approach is something with the reassuring name “Balanced
Literacy”. But don’t be fooled. This is just Whole Language in a new dress.
They both draw on a de-bunked set of ideas that originated in the 1970s and
should have been completely retired by the 1980s, but sadly, they persist. Examples
of such ideas and approaches include the so-called “Three Cueing” (or
“Multi-Cueing”) strategy for beginning readers, remedial programs such as
Reading Recovery, and the use of predictable, levelled readers in the early
years (Vs using decodable texts for beginners). At some point, you may
become so angry that you feel like asking the government to refund your
university fees. After all, you assumed that by enrolling in an accredited
primary education degree, you would be exposed to scientifically accurate and
up-to-date information. This will not have been the case for many (maybe even
most) of you.
Teacher knowledge of how phonemes,
graphemes, digraphs, trigraphs, schwa vowels, syllables (stressed and unstressed), morphemes, words, and
discourse-level text work in a linguistic sense is way too low. Do you know
what all of these terms mean? It’s actually not OK if you don’t and you may
find you need to spend a lot of your own time and money after you've graduated,
trading in your already out-of-date pre-service education on knowledge that has
been around for decades but wilfully and knowingly withheld from you while you
were at university.
Once you graduate, I recommend that you
seek out other professionals (e.g., speech pathologists and educational
psychologists) whose pre-service education has probably taught them quite well
about the structure of language and how reading works (this can be variable
though, to be fair). These professionals will be happy to work and learn with you
to support your knowledge and skills, and to promote the interdisciplinary
teamwork that can be a most satisfying part of life in schools. I think teachers
should be the most knowledge practitioners in schools about all aspects of
reading, but unfortunately over recent decades, education academics have
collectively discarded and/or rejected a large body of specialised knowledge
that rightly belongs to you as a future education graduate. Perhaps you could
ask some of your lecturers about how they have allowed this situation to
develop.
If you’re nearing the end of your pre-service
education to become a primary school teacher and have not yet heard about the
fact that in the last two decades, there’s been three international
inquiries into the teaching of reading (USA, UK, and Australia), then this
is very worrying. Wouldn’t you think this is core knowledge, that (again) belongs to
you as a teaching professional? Most importantly, you need to know what
those inquiries concluded and recommended for you, the classroom teacher,
so that your students achieve strong academic outcomes, regardless of their
starting point. Another one for you to ask your lecturers about (but I predict
some fairly dismissive responses).
Perhaps you’ve been told by your lecturers
that teachers are professionals and as such are in a position (and have
the “right” in fact) to choose approaches that they think best for their
students. Well this is all well and good but being a professional does not
mean “choosing your own adventure” in the classroom. It means working from
the best available scientifically-derived evidence and modifying your practices
as new research findings come to hand and pass through a “quality filter” in
terms of their strength and relevance to your practice. Would you prefer to go
to a medical practitioner who did his or her own thing, according to personal
preference, or to one whose practice reflects robust and recent evidence?
Similarly, when you get on an aeroplane, do you want the pilot to try out a few
ideas of his or her own, or do you expect that a pre-determined protocol will
be adhered to, and evidence-informed judgement will be applied if something
unexpected occurs? Unfortunately, you and your colleagues won’t be accorded true
professional status in the eyes of the community until all education academics take
scientific rigour seriously. Simply demanding professional autonomy and
respect doesn’t cut it.
There’s a science to teaching reading,
but you are probably told that it is really all about your relationship with
your students, exposing them to beautiful children’s literature, and some
incidental, embedded instruction, ideally with not too much emphasis on
phonics. Your relationship with your students is important, as is their
exposure to quality children’s literature. This may even be enough for some
students, but you are bound to feel perplexed, frustrated and even saddened by
the lack of progress that some students make in the face of well-intentioned low-impact
teaching strategies. A particularly pernicious message you may have been “sold”
by education lecturers is that reading failure reflects children’s home
environments, i.e., a failure of parents to talk to and read to their children
enough in the pre-school years. This is inaccurate and is an unforgivable
dereliction of responsibility on the part of education academics for what goes
on in the classroom. Make no mistake, your knowledge of language and literacy,
and what you do in the classroom matters enormously and you can make a large
and satisfying difference to students’ futures.
Another argument that is sometimes entertained
by teacher unions, education academics, and some teachers is that all that is
needed to lift the performance of struggling readers is more money.
Think about it though. It costs the same dollar amount to have a teacher in
front of a class, regardless of what they are doing instruction-wise. More
money is unlikely to be forthcoming in the near future, and even if it was, it’s
teachers’ knowledge and instructional practices that make a difference, not
politicians opening their treasure-chests at election time. The fact that many
schools in disadvantaged areas punch above their weight on academic achievement
is proof of this. So, this is actually good news for you – you are
entering a profession in which you can make a difference to the arc of
children’s lives, provided you are knowledgeable and skilled as a
professional.
Your own language and literacy skills are
important.
You can’t teach what you do not know. As noted above, you’ll need to prepare
for some serious up-skilling early on in your career if you are going to have
an explicit (as opposed to only an implicit) knowledge of how language works,
in both spoken and written forms. This will be particularly important when you
are teaching students who don’t seem to immediately “get” reading. At the
moment, though, we create way too many instructional casualties – children who
do not have an intrinsic learning disability, but can end up appearing this
way, as a result of inadequate or misguided early instruction. It’s not easy to
catch these kids up – much better to teach them properly the first-time round
and avoid the added complication of behavioural and emotional difficulties
that often accompany reading problems.
I know what I am saying here may be
depressing and alarming, but it is not information that should be sugar-coated.
If you are committed to teaching because you believe it is a way of being a
positive influence in the lives of children, then don’t let go of your
aspirations and motivations for becoming a teacher. Connect with teachers who
have had their own epiphanies about reading instruction and adopt a sceptical
stance when your pre-service education and your classroom observations and
experiences don’t align.
Hopefully, over the course of your career,
things will change substantially, and beginning teachers will be equipped with
current evidence about how reading works, how to teach reading, and how to best
identify and support struggling readers early on in their journeys.
There’s plenty of people and resources out
there to help you, but also plenty of distracting edu-fads and pseudo-science, as well as some out-dated notions that are very difficult to dislodge. In spite of all of this, though, you can make a difference and can elevate the standing of the teaching profession for those who come after you.
Good luck!
(C) Pamela Snow (2018)
